Capacity development
Institutional and capacity development roadmap
Short term, medium-term and longer-term measures to address project implementation bottlenecks and operational sustainability, and to strengthen cities’ individual competencies, and organizational and institutional capacities to tackle climate change.
Adaptive capacity assessment and pathways
Assessing the ability of municipal staff and institutional organizations to respond to potential damage from climate change, and developing “adaptation pathways” which are flexible strategies stakeholders can enact to build climate resilience.
Urban resilience workshop in cities
Providing a forum for city stakeholders to understand the key concepts of the shocks, stresses and resilience measures associated with climate change.
Asia Pacific Cities and Climate Change
The Asia Pacific region is home to the fastest-growing cities in the world, and they are responsible for 75% of the region’s carbon emissions.
- Due to rapid urbanization, particularly in secondary cities, combined with demographic and economic growth
- More energy demand for:
- Buildings
- Transportation
- Construction
- Manufacturing
The Asia Pacific region is also increasingly vulnerable to climate and natural disaster risks.
- Temperature increase, heat stress and more frequent heatwaves
- Change in rainfall pattern, more extreme rainfall and river flooding
- Rising sea levels, more frequent storm surges, cyclones and coastal flooding
- More frequent periods of drought, increased aridity and water scarcity
Climate change exacerbates pre-existing urban problems and climate events become more frequent and severe.
- Unplanned urbanization, urban sprawl and land artificialisation
- Income inequality and access to basic services, informal settlements in risk-prone areas
- Pressure on resources and natural environment
Greater need for cooling and energy
Greater need for cooling and energy
As cities get hotter, homes and businesses need more electricity to power their air conditioners and cooling systems.
More diseases and deaths
More diseases and deaths
Citizens become more and more exposed to natural disasters and extreme weather events like heat waves, heavy rains, floods and cyclones. Further, water-borne diseases like diarrhea and dengue fever spread quickly in warmer and wetter climates.
Rising
water demand
Rising water demand
Growing populations need more and cleaner water, but climate events like droughts, erratic rainfall, and flash floods will make it harder to access clean water.
Structural damage
Structural damage
Climate change events damage critical infrastructure such as housing, businesses, schools and hospitals, roads and bridges as well as cellular towers and power lines.
Worse air quality and increased (GHG) emissions
Worse air quality and increased (GHG) emissions
Increased ozone levels during long droughts increase air pollution and impact the respiratory health of citizens.
Meanwhile, rising GHG emissions accelerate global warming.
Less food security
Less food security
Extreme weather events and erratic rainfall increase the risk of crop failure, which leads to higher food prices.
More poverty and territorial inequality
More poverty and territorial inequality
The poor and near-poor tend to live in the less-protected areas of the city. Women, children and elderly are among the most affected populations.
Greater exposure to climate events, and limited access to basic services such as energy, piped water and built toilets has a more profound effect on their health, wellbeing and livelihoods compared to more affluent citizens.
Environmental impacts
Environmental impacts
Rapid urbanization and a changing climate threaten the biodiversity in cities’ green spaces and water bodies.
Governance impacts
Governance impacts
Climate change depletes local and central government resources as they spend money repairing damaged infrastructure and diverts funding from other development initiatives. They also lack the capacities to address these challenges.
In this way, it threatens governments’ policies and institutional standing.
Increased humidity
Higher humidity slows down the composting and anaerobic digestion of landfill waste.
Urban heat island effect
The impacts of rising temperatures are amplified within urban environments due to the presence of built surfaces, which absorb more heat.
Greater demand for cool and clean air
As cities get hotter and more polluted, homes and businesses will need more electricity to power their air conditioners and air purifying systems.
Surface and coastal erosion and other water damage
Heavy rainfall and high winds cause rivers and lakes to breach embankments, eroding nearby surfaces and flooding protected areas.
Rising sea levels result in erosion and intrusion of saline water in low-lying coastal areas. Meanwhile, flooding damages critical assets and services
Decreased integrity of roads and structures
Higher temperatures and droughts cause cracks and holes in pavements and stresses metal structures such as pipes, bridges, cellular towers and electric masts.
Also, extreme rainfall and rising sea levels damage roads and homes with landslides and corrosive salt water.
Higher risk of pollution from landfills, sewers and dust
Extreme weather events, like heavy rain and cyclones, flood a city’s wastewater and sewage infrastructure and damage landfills, which pollute the entire city.
Meanwhile, rising sea levels inhibit coastal wastewater discharge, leading to further overloading of wastewater infrastructure.
Worse air quality
Changing humidity levels and higher temperatures exacerbate air pollution and cause higher ozone and allergen levels.
Damaged water supply
Erratic rainfall, flash floods and landslides stress pipes and wastewater treatment facilities, threatening clean water supplies.
Lower water quality
Decreased river flow causes the biological and chemical degradation of the river basin, which can eventually make the water less safe to drink and use. Flooding and rising sea levels contaminate fresh water supplies through saltwater intrusion.
More need for water
Warmer weather and longer summers mean that citizens need more water for drinking, cooling and watering plants.
CITIES NEED
TO ACT NOW!
Why is now the best time to act?
It is an investment in the future
Planning and investing in infrastructure today will shape the growth and development of your city for decades.
It helps you achieve key development and economic goals
Addressing and managing climate risks can help accelerate other development outcomes (e.g. public health and public safety). It can help meet international development and climate change goals such as the SDGs. By formulating strong urban resilience plans and putting forward low carbon and resilient recovery projects, cities can meet their medium and long-term needs and aspirations.
It will save you money
Managing risks before they happen is more cost-effective than reacting after they happen.
It can make the city richer
Being a leader in the field can attract investors and create employment and export opportunities.
It helps accelerate development and reduce inequality
Addressing climate change challenges with a focus on vulnerable populations will help increase the city’s overall resilience and alleviate poverty.
Cities can access new sources of finance
By leveraging and unlocking new sources of climate finance from groups like the Green Climate Fund, cities can address longstanding resilience gaps and realize their development goals.
What should cities consider as they pursue climate resilience?
Resilience and Mitigation
Resilience is the capacity of a city to function so that all its people can recover from and thrive in the face of climate impacts. Mitigation includes measures that reduce the emission of GHGs, which cause human-induced climate change.
Inclusion
The process should incorporate the diverse perspectives of stakeholder groups on all levels and scales – especially the communities most vulnerable to climate change – and consider climate risk as a crucial part of the administration’s political vision for the city.
Sustainability
Besides addressing existing issues, a proactive planning process must consider how climate change might exacerbate challenges in the future and plan adaptation pathways to address these issues. A sustainable city is socially inclusive, economically productive and environmentally resilient with low-carbon emissions.
Urban resilience takes many forms
Ecological
resilience
Ecological
resilience
- Conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of ecosystems
- Biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of a strategy to
build community and economic resilience
Physical
resilience
Physical
resilience
- Infrastructure development planning for climate and disaster risks
- Infrastructure investment and maintenance
- Early warning systems
Financial
resilience
Financial
resilience
- Enhanced financial preparedness for climate and disaster risks
- Access to development finance
Socio-economic
resilience
Socio-economic
resilience
- Pro-poor and pro-vulnerable investment (basic services for the poor)
- Community adaptation capacity
- Multi-faceted solutions, including livelihood creation,
social protection and health infrastructure
Institutional
resilience
Institutional
resilience
- Multiple scales of intervention, including household, community
and local government - Capacity and skills development
- Risk prevention strategies
- Planning and land-use management
Diversification of water sources
Utilizing surface water and groundwater, reusing and recycling water and other initiatives such as rainwater harvesting all reduce dependency on specific water supply sources.
Permeable pavements, more vegetation, bio-retention basins and wetlands
Urban drainage system using nature-based solutions to reduce surface water runoff.
Co-benefits: Green corridors can also reconnect rivers to natural flood plains for better flood protection
Tidal gates
Installing tidal gates keeps sea water from entering the drainage system.
Risk assessment of landfill locations
Identifying areas at risk for future flooding and landslides avoids planning landfill sites in these areas.
Co-benefits: Managing waste beautifies cities and boosts tourism.
Landfills with methane capture
Capturing methane – a greenhouse gas – enables the utilization of biogas, which is useful for heating and cooking.
Aerobic or improved anaerobic wastewater treatment with methane capture
Better ways of treating wastewater reduce the anaerobic decomposition of organics, which emits GHGs.
Co-benefits: Wastewater treatment reduces the spread of diseases and unpleasant odour. Clean and healthy environment is a vote of confidence from constituents.
More renewable energy, such as solar
Technologies like solar rooftops and micro-grids that serve disconnected communities help reduce GHG emissions.
Co-benefits: Renewable energy is not only good for the environment, but it will also save the city money on electricity and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
Weather monitoring and forecasting
Forecasting services can provide more time to react to potential changes in catchment water regimes and help improve long-term planning.
Co-benefits: It improves understanding of the cities’ risks and can be coupled with early-warning systems.
Recycling and waste segregation
Circular economy-compatible waste management conserves resources and prolongs the lifespan of landfills.
Co-benefits: Managed waste reduces marine litter.
More and better green spaces
Parks and recreational facilities should be safe, clean
and properly planned to allow for lighting, benches, playgrounds, waste collection, signage and accessibility.
Co-benefits: The physical and mental health benefits from improved air quality and accessible spaces for exercise and recreation activities will make a population healthier.
Green spaces reduce the heat island effect and improve quality of life.
Improved and well-maintained public transport
Efficient mass public transport systems such as trains, buses and light rails reduce private car use and ease traffic congestion.
Co-benefits: This improves local air quality and helps serve more commuters.
Less traffic and less time behind the steering wheel gives citizens more leisure and family time.
(Re-)vegetated embankments
Improving riverbanks and coastlines with mangrove plantations, brush layering, log protection and bamboo fencing reduces the erosion of the embankments.
Co-benefits: More green cover can provide access to additional recreational spaces and result in better community well-being.
More energy efficient or green building
Designing or retrofitting buildings with insulation and green appliances to decrease energy usage in lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Co-benefits: Cost saving
Contingency and emergency plans
When a disaster hits a city, it is crucial to have contingency plans for the population and the city’s assets.
Co-benefits: Better dialogue and communication between residents and city officials
Improved traffic infrastructure, more sidewalks and bicycle lanes
Improving safety and convenience for pedestrians and cyclists means that people will leave their motorized vehicles at home more often.
This will make cities cleaner, greener and healthier.
Co-benefits: It improves residents’ health, reduces air pollution and provides spaces that tourists can also enjoy. Less need and dependency on fossil fuels.
Upgrade public transportation facilities
When citizens feel that public transportation is safe, clean, affordable and convenient, they will use it more often - decongesting traffic and reducing GHG emissions.
Co-benefits: Well-managed public transport is a tourism boost.
CDIA is an infrastructure project preparation facility
CDIA is implemented by Asian Development Bank and Agence Française de Développement. It receives funding support from the governments of Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland and the European Union.
Our expertise lies in identifying and designing urban projects with a consideration for addressing climate change and providing clear climate co-benefits. We bridge the gap between cities’ plans and the implementation of infrastructure projects, and we’re in a unique position to identify a robust pipeline of infrastructure projects that can integrate climate actions.
Our Impact Areas
CDIA's four main impact areas are
closely interrelated.
Urban
Poverty Reduction
CDIA supports urban infrastructure investment projects that address the needs of vulnerable groups.
Improved
Governance
CDIA promotes financially and institutionally sustainable urban infrastructure investments that strengthen cities.
Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation
CDIA supports urban infrastructure investments that positively impact the climate and help cities prepare for local impacts of climate change.
Urban Environment
Improvement
CDIA supports urban infrastructure investment projects that contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation and reduce the ecological impact of cities.
Our approach to Cities and Climate Change
CDIA takes an integrated view of urban risks and resilience in designing projects.
How?
We select projects and resilience mechanisms in close coordination with city stakeholders
We help cities prepare urban investment projects that are low carbon, disaster resilient and climate adaptive
We focus on urban renewal projects that build community wellbeing and resilience
We empower cities to address current and future urban challenges, focusing explicitly on climate change risks
We align with existing climate and sustainable development strategies at the national level
We look at climate data and assess the cities vulnerabilities to propose solutions that will build infrastructure resilience
How we work with cities
We help cities find the most efficient and sustainable way to implement their infrastructure development plans, considering:
Which projects are most urgent or important?
What technical options are there?
What are the environmental, social and financial impacts?
How are climate risks and resilience building integrated in the design?
How much will it cost to operate and maintain it?
How we mainstream climate change in our projects
Through careful infrastructure planning, cities can better cope with climate shocks and stresses, build climate resilience for their people and reduce GHG emissions. To ensure these outcomes, we consider climate change at every stage of our work:
Scope and identify project
- Field assessment and initial climate screening
- Identification of climate and non-climate stressors
- Carbon footprint analysis (when applicable)
Assess vulnerabilities and systems
- Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
- Understanding the risks resulting from multiple climate threats and intensities
- Analysis of potential climate hazards and existing vulnerabilities that could harm vulnerable people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment
- Stakeholder consultation
Prioritize and design
- Selection of multiple evaluation criteria in participation with key stakeholders
- Prioritizing actions and investment projects to achieve the goal of long-term systemic change
- Project specifications and preliminary design considering risk and vulnerabilities
- Alternative design approaches and/or mitigation measures
- Developing adaptation pathways to address decision making under uncertainty.
Implement and manage 5
Evaluate
and adjust
PROJECT EXAMPLES
Tbilisi (Georgia)
Tbilisi Metro serves around 500,000 passengers daily. Despite this, its accessibility is hampered by partly or unmechanized access points, commercial encroachment, and absence of safety processes for persons with disabilities (PWDs), among others.
CDIA developed a package of investments to provide better and efficient access to the metro system; and ensure equal transport experience for all including PWDs, elderly, women and children. The priority measures in the first five years comprise the implementation of lifts and escalators, enhancement of indoor and outdoor features in priority stations, reorganization of commercial stalls within the vicinity of the stations, and second accesses in Akhmateli and Marjanishvili stations. CDIA also produced accessibility guidelines to address specific metro-related issues, and introduced soft measures such as staff training and awareness campaigns to mainstream accessibility in the city’s transport governance.
The PPS is under cover of Georgia: Livable Cities Investment Project for Balanced Development supported by Asian Development Bank.
Yerevan (Armenia)
Public transport is widely used in Yerevan City. However, increased private car usage and underinvestment in public transport in recent years have deteriorated the city’s infrastructure.
In line with the government’s efforts to improve their public transport system, CDIA provided advisory services to optimize the strategic network for the core bus routes, trolleybuses and metro. It also provided capacity building support and produced technical notes and preliminary designs for bus lanes, interchanges and bus stops along a pilot corridor. Its technical team also offered guidance on intermodal connectivity; traffic management; and integrated ticketing and fare system. It further identified activities to upgrade air quality monitoring in the city.
CDIA also assisted in transport policy formulation and other capacity building initiatives, including the preparation of the Yerevan Transport Strategy, along with parking management sub-strategy.
Uzbekistan
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Kazakhstan
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Mongolia
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Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Almost the entire population of Dushanbe is covered by their municipal water supply system. However, there are high water losses due to aging infrastructure and inefficient operation. Similarly, the city has a worn-out sewage network and ineffective wastewater treatment mechanisms.
In 2018, CDIA developed a set of priority project to improve the water supply in Shohmansur District and enhance the sanitation services in the southeastern part of the city. In parallel, a roadmap for institutional capacity development was created for the State Unitary Enterprise Dushanbe Vodokanal, the agency responsible for the city’s water supply and sanitation services to bolster their processes. ADB took the priority project forward to implementation, however the investment was only able to cover 55%. In 2021, CDIA again supported Dushanbe to prepare the physical works that will cover the rest of the priority project to ensure that Dushanbe’s water system is fully rehabilitated and expanded for the welfare and public health of the residents.
Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Sargodha and Muzaffargarh (Pakistan)
Four cities in Pakistan’s Punjab province – Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Sargodha and Muzaffargarh – are prone to droughts and water shortages. In 2019, CDIA developed a project preparation study (PPS) for the four cities that identified investment projects to upgrade the basic infrastructure services in these four cities with the aim of making them more resilient, inclusive and competitive.
The PPS presented bankable infrastructure projects to improve the water supply, sanitation and solid waste management systems in these cities. CDIA also held consultations with city-level stakeholders to outline how further infrastructure investments can help these cities prepare for future climate shocks. During the consultations, CDIA introduced urban resilience concepts to the local city officials to inform their decision-making throughout project design and implementation.
The measures in these projects will help the cities manage groundwater resources, improve wastewater treatment and set up new sanitary landfills. When adopted, they will benefit a collective 2.1 million residents in these four cities.
Nepal
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Thimpu, Phuentsholing, Nganglam, Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashiyangtse (Bhutan)
Affordable housing in Bhutan is limited due to scarce land, high construction cost and inadequate financing from the government.
With support from ADB, the Green and Resilient Affordable Housing Sector Project (GRAHSP) was formulated to bring affordable housing to residents of Thimpu, Phuentsholing, Nganglam, Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashiyangtse, thereby enhancing their safety and living conditions.
CDIA will support this project via its advisory services on policymaking and institutional capacity development. Specifically, it will review Bhutan’s housing and planning regulations, out of which it will propose interventions to develop affordable and resilient housing. It will also identify skills and systems enhancement measures to aid corporate planning, rental charge review and setting, and asset management information system, among others. It will further support the National Housing Development Corporation Limited and city officials on climate and disaster resilience planning, and designing affordable housing leading to a green building certification, a first of its kind in Bhutan.
Huangshan (PRC)
Economic development and the rapid growth of tourism, along with economic development has increased environmental and ecological pressures across the Xin’an River Basin and impaired the water quality in the river. The Huangshan
Municipality urgently needed water management and sustainable green development to improve water quality in the upstream reaches of Xin’an River.
In 2019, the local government sought CDIA’s knowledge of innovations and best practices in water pollution management to better protect the ecological system of the Xin’an River, the main source of drinking water for at least 10 million residents.
The CDIA team then published Knowledge Products (KPs) in 2020 which provided specific interventions for first flush run-off control and storm water management; environmental monitoring and emergency response system for industrial parks;
climate change adaptation and mitigation; and application of information and communication technologies (ICT) for environmental monitoring and data analysis.
The KPs will inform ADB’s execution of a green development project on the Xin’an River, which will improve Huangshan’s climate resilience and ensure a healthy ecosystem on the river – and also serve as a standard of reference for similar projects in PRC as well as in other Asia Pacific countries.
Huangshan2 (PRC)
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India
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Chattogram (Bangladesh)
The three million residents of Chattogram, Bangladesh’s second largest city either rely on on-site sanitation facilities or flush their wastewater directly into the Karnaphuli and Halda rivers through a network of canals, severely impacting their health and the city’s ecology.
CDIA is supporting Chattogram to set up a sewerage system and wastewater treatment infrastructure for the North Kattoli catchment area, strongly focusing on low-income residents. It is also helping to establish fecal sludge management facilities, including on-site sanitation improvements in areas where a sewerage facility cannot be provided due to space or topographical constraints.
CDIA’s assistance includes feasibility study, preliminary engineering designs, and design-build tender documents. Climate risk and vulnerability assessment will also be included, along with due diligence and financial and economic analysis. It is pipelined for AFD funding.
Vietnam
Bac Kan (Viet Nam)
Bac Kan City in Northern Viet Nam is endowed with beautiful natural assets, but the same assets bring flood and erosion risks. Poor urban infrastructure and services, drainage problems and pollution also undermine the city’s development.
CDIA prepared a €25 million worth of infrastructure investment and capacity building program to help Bac Kan become a sustainable and climate-resilient city. Physical works comprise: 1) riverbank strengthening and landscaping on Cau River, 2) channel reconstruction and sewerage works on Nong Thuong and Pa Danh streams, 3) flood relief diversion culvert from Nong Thuong stream to Cau River, 4) construction of two weirs on Cau River, and 5) reshaping of 6-km along Cau River. It proposed a combination of gray engineering and nature-based solutions to optimize the investments’ potential to improve climate resilience and livability in Bac Kan. It further developed a capacity development roadmap to support the sustainable implementation and operation of the investments. AFD and EU’s Water and Natural Resources Management Facility are expected to provide downstream financing for the physical works and capacity development measures, respectively.
________________
Đông Hà (Viet Nam)
Like other Vietnamese cities, Đông Hà is facing rapid urbanization and climate-related challenges such as flooding, riverbank erosion, increased rainfall intensity and sea-level rise.
CDIA supported the formulation of an integrated infrastructure investment project in Đông Hà that will demonstrate for other cities concrete measures to build resilience and encourage green growth in line with the government’s Green Growth Development Plan.
CDIA proposed investments for embankments, drainage works, public park on Hieu River and associated infrastructure improvements, and street and infrastructure upgrade in low-income areas and other parts of the inner city. It also identified activities to strengthen Đông Hà’s capacity in urban development at various levels – project design, construction, and subsequent operation and maintenance.
AFD is expected to provide financing for the physical works and the EU’s Water and Natural Resources Management Facility for the technical assistance and soft measures to build the capacity of city stakeholders.
________________
Vung Tau (Viet Nam)
Viet nam is one of the top five countries that produce plastic waste leading to ocean pollution. A coastal city in the Southern Key Economic Zone, Vung Tau generates 358 tons of domestic waste every day. Without sorting at source, all its waste, including plastics end up in the landfill.
In partnership with the Alliance to End Plastic Waste (AEPW), CDIA’s project preparation study will support Vung Tau City in its bid to holistically improve its solid waste management (SWM) system, address plastic waste pollution and enhance its environment.
CDIA will prepare an investment program covering all aspects of SWM, from waste collection to final disposal. It will also prepare to feasibility level, priority plastic waste project components that AEPW can potentially finance for implementation.
Matara (Sri Lanka)
As a growing urban area, Matara faces periodic floods linked to storm surge and inadequate storm water drainage, while a lack of solid waste management (SWM) measures poses risks to the environment and health of the residents.
CDIA proposed strategies and corresponding investments to: 1) address SWM in light of the city’s planned biogas plant, and lawsuit against a major dump; 2) upgrade flood protection measures and adopt an early warning system; 3) improve stormwater drainage infrastructure considering the climate projections; and 4) employ a comprehensive and integrated approach to urban development, with a multi-modal transit hub as a focal point.
CDIA further developed a capacity roadmap to address issues, such as lack of clear institutional mandates and appropriate mechanisms for policymaking at the local level that can hinder the successful implementation of the proposed investments.
Yangon (Myanmar)
Climate change has brought longer dry seasons to Southeast Asia and threatens the water supply for developing cities across the region. Soaring temperatures and outdated, leaking water pipes lead to millions of gallons of non-revenue water losses in cities that already struggle to provide enough clean water for their citizens.
CDIA has partnered with the city of Yangon to install a new intake structure in the Ngamoeyeik Reservoir and develop enclosed pipelines that will bring clean water directly into the city. Stakeholders expect the project to help improve the health and safety of Yangon’s citizens, reduce water losses, and improve the city’s economy.
Thailand
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Laos
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Battambang, Kampot, Kratie and Chhlong (Cambodia)
Erratic weather patterns and storm surges have put the secondary cities of Battambang, Kratie and Chhlong at high risk for flooding and riverbank erosion, and the coastal city of Kampot has become more susceptible to rising sea levels and flash floods.
These climate shocks threaten to disrupt food and water supply and displace the poor, elderly, and other
vulnerable groups in these cities.
The study CDIA completed in Cambodia included climate projection models to assess each city’s climate risks and vulnerabilities, and proposed climate adaptation interventions and institutional capacity development roadmaps.
Battambang, Kampot, Kratie and Chhlong now have a range of infrastructure project options that can both increase their climate resilience and help them pursue economic development.
Multiple cities (Philippines)
CDIA provided a technical assistance to strengthen the capacity of national government agencies (mainly the Department of the Interior and Local Government) and the local government units (LGUs) on disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA). It will enable the LGUs to fully integrate DRRM and CCA in their functions, processes and investments in line with the local devolution of more government functions in 2022.
CDIA’s support has informed the design of the AFD-funded policy-based loan amounting to €250 million and parallel technical assistance grant amounting to €300,000 to enhance DRRM and CCA tools, knowledge and capacities in the Philippines.
Indonesia
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Vanuatu
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Fiji
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Tbilisi (Georgia)
Tbilisi Metro serves around 500,000 passengers daily. Despite this, its accessibility is hampered by partly or unmechanized access points, commercial encroachment, and absence of safety processes for persons with disabilities (PWDs), among others.
CDIA developed a package of investments to provide better and efficient access to the metro system; and ensure equal transport experience for all including PWDs, elderly, women and children. The priority measures in the first five years comprise the implementation of lifts and escalators, enhancement of indoor and outdoor features in priority stations, reorganization of commercial stalls within the vicinity of the stations, and second accesses in Akhmateli and Marjanishvili stations. CDIA also produced accessibility guidelines to address specific metro-related issues, and introduced soft measures such as staff training and awareness campaigns to mainstream accessibility in the city’s transport governance.
The PPS is under cover of Georgia: Livable Cities Investment Project for Balanced Development supported by Asian Development Bank.
Yerevan (Armenia)
Public transport is widely used in Yerevan City. However, increased private car usage and underinvestment in public transport in recent years have deteriorated the city’s infrastructure.
In line with the government’s efforts to improve their public transport system, CDIA provided advisory services to optimize the strategic network for the core bus routes, trolleybuses and metro. It also provided capacity building support and produced technical notes and preliminary designs for bus lanes, interchanges and bus stops along a pilot corridor. Its technical team also offered guidance on intermodal connectivity; traffic management; and integrated ticketing and fare system. It further identified activities to upgrade air quality monitoring in the city.
CDIA also assisted in transport policy formulation and other capacity building initiatives, including the preparation of the Yerevan Transport Strategy, along with parking management sub-strategy.
Uzbekistan
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Kazakhstan
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Mongolia
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Dushanbe (Tajikistan)
Almost the entire population of Dushanbe is covered by their municipal water supply system. However, there are high water losses due to aging infrastructure and inefficient operation. Similarly, the city has a worn-out sewage network and ineffective wastewater treatment mechanisms.
In 2018, CDIA developed a set of priority project to improve the water supply in Shohmansur District and enhance the sanitation services in the southeastern part of the city. In parallel, a roadmap for institutional capacity development was created for the State Unitary Enterprise Dushanbe Vodokanal, the agency responsible for the city’s water supply and sanitation services to bolster their processes. ADB took the priority project forward to implementation, however the investment was only able to cover 55%. In 2021, CDIA again supported Dushanbe to prepare the physical works that will cover the rest of the priority project to ensure that Dushanbe’s water system is fully rehabilitated and expanded for the welfare and public health of the residents.
Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Sargodha and Muzaffargarh (Pakistan)
Four cities in Pakistan’s Punjab province – Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Sargodha and Muzaffargarh – are prone to droughts and water shortages. In 2019, CDIA developed a project preparation study (PPS) for the four cities that identified investment projects to upgrade the basic infrastructure services in these four cities with the aim of making them more resilient, inclusive and competitive.
The PPS presented bankable infrastructure projects to improve the water supply, sanitation and solid waste management systems in these cities. CDIA also held consultations with city-level stakeholders to outline how further infrastructure investments can help these cities prepare for future climate shocks. During the consultations, CDIA introduced urban resilience concepts to the local city officials to inform their decision-making throughout project design and implementation.
The measures in these projects will help the cities manage groundwater resources, improve wastewater treatment and set up new sanitary landfills. When adopted, they will benefit a collective 2.1 million residents in these four cities.
Nepal
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Thimpu, Phuentsholing, Nganglam, Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashiyangtse (Bhutan)
Affordable housing in Bhutan is limited due to scarce land, high construction cost and inadequate financing from the government.
With support from ADB, the Green and Resilient Affordable Housing Sector Project (GRAHSP) was formulated to bring affordable housing to residents of Thimpu, Phuentsholing, Nganglam, Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashiyangtse, thereby enhancing their safety and living conditions.
CDIA will support this project via its advisory services on policymaking and institutional capacity development. Specifically, it will review Bhutan’s housing and planning regulations, out of which it will propose interventions to develop affordable and resilient housing. It will also identify skills and systems enhancement measures to aid corporate planning, rental charge review and setting, and asset management information system, among others. It will further support the National Housing Development Corporation Limited and city officials on climate and disaster resilience planning, and designing affordable housing leading to a green building certification, a first of its kind in Bhutan.
Huangshan (PRC)
Economic development and the rapid growth of tourism, along with economic development has increased environmental and ecological pressures across the Xin’an River Basin and impaired the water quality in the river. The Huangshan
Municipality urgently needed water management and sustainable green development to improve water quality in the upstream reaches of Xin’an River.
In 2019, the local government sought CDIA’s knowledge of innovations and best practices in water pollution management to better protect the ecological system of the Xin’an River, the main source of drinking water for at least 10 million residents.
The CDIA team then published Knowledge Products (KPs) in 2020 which provided specific interventions for first flush run-off control and storm water management; environmental monitoring and emergency response system for industrial parks;
climate change adaptation and mitigation; and application of information and communication technologies (ICT) for environmental monitoring and data analysis.
The KPs will inform ADB’s execution of a green development project on the Xin’an River, which will improve Huangshan’s climate resilience and ensure a healthy ecosystem on the river – and also serve as a standard of reference for similar projects in PRC as well as in other Asia Pacific countries.
Huangshan2 (PRC)
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India
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Chattogram (Bangladesh)
The three million residents of Chattogram, Bangladesh’s second largest city either rely on on-site sanitation facilities or flush their wastewater directly into the Karnaphuli and Halda rivers through a network of canals, severely impacting their health and the city’s ecology.
CDIA is supporting Chattogram to set up a sewerage system and wastewater treatment infrastructure for the North Kattoli catchment area, strongly focusing on low-income residents. It is also helping to establish fecal sludge management facilities, including on-site sanitation improvements in areas where a sewerage facility cannot be provided due to space or topographical constraints.
CDIA’s assistance includes feasibility study, preliminary engineering designs, and design-build tender documents. Climate risk and vulnerability assessment will also be included, along with due diligence and financial and economic analysis. It is pipelined for AFD funding.
Vietnam
Bac Kan (Viet Nam)
Bac Kan City in Northern Viet Nam is endowed with beautiful natural assets, but the same assets bring flood and erosion risks. Poor urban infrastructure and services, drainage problems and pollution also undermine the city’s development.
CDIA prepared a €25 million worth of infrastructure investment and capacity building program to help Bac Kan become a sustainable and climate-resilient city. Physical works comprise: 1) riverbank strengthening and landscaping on Cau River, 2) channel reconstruction and sewerage works on Nong Thuong and Pa Danh streams, 3) flood relief diversion culvert from Nong Thuong stream to Cau River, 4) construction of two weirs on Cau River, and 5) reshaping of 6-km along Cau River. It proposed a combination of gray engineering and nature-based solutions to optimize the investments’ potential to improve climate resilience and livability in Bac Kan. It further developed a capacity development roadmap to support the sustainable implementation and operation of the investments. AFD and EU’s Water and Natural Resources Management Facility are expected to provide downstream financing for the physical works and capacity development measures, respectively.
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Đông Hà (Viet Nam)
Like other Vietnamese cities, Đông Hà is facing rapid urbanization and climate-related challenges such as flooding, riverbank erosion, increased rainfall intensity and sea-level rise.
CDIA supported the formulation of an integrated infrastructure investment project in Đông Hà that will demonstrate for other cities concrete measures to build resilience and encourage green growth in line with the government’s Green Growth Development Plan.
CDIA proposed investments for embankments, drainage works, public park on Hieu River and associated infrastructure improvements, and street and infrastructure upgrade in low-income areas and other parts of the inner city. It also identified activities to strengthen Đông Hà’s capacity in urban development at various levels – project design, construction, and subsequent operation and maintenance.
AFD is expected to provide financing for the physical works and the EU’s Water and Natural Resources Management Facility for the technical assistance and soft measures to build the capacity of city stakeholders.
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Vung Tau (Viet Nam)
Viet nam is one of the top five countries that produce plastic waste leading to ocean pollution. A coastal city in the Southern Key Economic Zone, Vung Tau generates 358 tons of domestic waste every day. Without sorting at source, all its waste, including plastics end up in the landfill.
In partnership with the Alliance to End Plastic Waste (AEPW), CDIA’s project preparation study will support Vung Tau City in its bid to holistically improve its solid waste management (SWM) system, address plastic waste pollution and enhance its environment.
CDIA will prepare an investment program covering all aspects of SWM, from waste collection to final disposal. It will also prepare to feasibility level, priority plastic waste project components that AEPW can potentially finance for implementation.
Matara (Sri Lanka)
As a growing urban area, Matara faces periodic floods linked to storm surge and inadequate storm water drainage, while a lack of solid waste management (SWM) measures poses risks to the environment and health of the residents.
CDIA proposed strategies and corresponding investments to: 1) address SWM in light of the city’s planned biogas plant, and lawsuit against a major dump; 2) upgrade flood protection measures and adopt an early warning system; 3) improve stormwater drainage infrastructure considering the climate projections; and 4) employ a comprehensive and integrated approach to urban development, with a multi-modal transit hub as a focal point.
CDIA further developed a capacity roadmap to address issues, such as lack of clear institutional mandates and appropriate mechanisms for policymaking at the local level that can hinder the successful implementation of the proposed investments.
Yangon (Myanmar)
Climate change has brought longer dry seasons to Southeast Asia and threatens the water supply for developing cities across the region. Soaring temperatures and outdated, leaking water pipes lead to millions of gallons of non-revenue water losses in cities that already struggle to provide enough clean water for their citizens.
CDIA has partnered with the city of Yangon to install a new intake structure in the Ngamoeyeik Reservoir and develop enclosed pipelines that will bring clean water directly into the city. Stakeholders expect the project to help improve the health and safety of Yangon’s citizens, reduce water losses, and improve the city’s economy.
Thailand
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Laos
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Battambang, Kampot, Kratie and Chhlong (Cambodia)
Erratic weather patterns and storm surges have put the secondary cities of Battambang, Kratie and Chhlong at high risk for flooding and riverbank erosion, and the coastal city of Kampot has become more susceptible to rising sea levels and flash floods.
These climate shocks threaten to disrupt food and water supply and displace the poor, elderly, and other
vulnerable groups in these cities.
The study CDIA completed in Cambodia included climate projection models to assess each city’s climate risks and vulnerabilities, and proposed climate adaptation interventions and institutional capacity development roadmaps.
Battambang, Kampot, Kratie and Chhlong now have a range of infrastructure project options that can both increase their climate resilience and help them pursue economic development.
Multiple cities (Philippines)
CDIA provided a technical assistance to strengthen the capacity of national government agencies (mainly the Department of the Interior and Local Government) and the local government units (LGUs) on disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA). It will enable the LGUs to fully integrate DRRM and CCA in their functions, processes and investments in line with the local devolution of more government functions in 2022.
CDIA’s support has informed the design of the AFD-funded policy-based loan amounting to €250 million and parallel technical assistance grant amounting to €300,000 to enhance DRRM and CCA tools, knowledge and capacities in the Philippines.
Indonesia
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Vanuatu
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Fiji
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